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单选题根据下面资料,回答题
A The first and more important is the consumer´ s growing preference for eating out: the con-sumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005.
This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 per-cent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Mean-while, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
B Retail sales of food and drink in Europe´ s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big,profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which ap-pears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
C Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink mar-ket? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pat-tern will take hold.
D All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges,logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dy-namics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abili-ties might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business mod-els are needed too.
E Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely exam-inedFrance, Germany, Italy and Spainare made out of the same building blocks. De-mand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, un-like large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service opera-tors that cater to consumers when they don´ t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca" : hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe´ s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
F For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $ 268 billion in France, Germany, Ita-ly, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for whole-salers to considerate.
G However, none of these requirements should deter large retails (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intrica-cies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
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第51题选
参考答案B
解析:参考译文
欧洲最大市场的食品和饮料的零售销售量处于停滞状态,这使得欧洲食品杂货零售商渴求新的发展机遇。多数大型零售商已经尝试电子商务,但成效不大,他们同时还开拓了国外市场。但是几乎所有的零售商都忽视了他们身边存在的巨大盈利机会,即食品饮料批发业务,而零售商们似乎正需要这样的市场。
例如,2000年法国、德国、意大利、西班牙和英国的食品饮料批发业的销售额高达2,680亿美元,比零售业销售额高出40%以上。而且,批发业的总平均利润率也超出了零售业;随着越来越多的欧洲人更频繁地外出就餐,食品服务行业批发的需求也迅速增长。同时,这种零散型产业竞争态势的变化最终使得批发商的合并成为可能。
总之,看来这显然是一个大型零售商可以获利的市场。在这个市场中,他们可以利用其庞大的规模、现有的基础设施,以及在产品系列、物流管理和营销情报方面出色的管理技能来获得经济利润。那些掌握了欧洲批发业复杂流程的零售商有望赚得丰厚的利润。至少,总体上看来就是这样。进一步考察可以发现,欧洲各国的最大国内市场之间存在着重大差异,尤其是在客户群、批发结构以及单种食品饮料类商品的竞争态势方面。大型零售商必须了解这些差异,然后才能够在欧洲批发行业中找到他们可以凭借其特有的能力将规模较小但地位稳固的竞争者挤走的部门。但同时他们也需要具备新的技能与不为人熟知的商业模式。
然而,这些要求都不能阻止大型零售商(甚至一些大型食品生产商和现有的批发商)一试身手,因为那些掌握了欧洲批发市场复杂流程的零售商都能够获得可观的收益。
尽管在细节方面存在差异,但是仔细调查后发现,法国、德国、意大利和西班牙这些国家批发市场的基本结构是一样的。市场需求主要来自两方面:一方面是独立经营的夫妻杂货店,与大型零售连锁店不同,它们规模小,不能直接从生产商那里进货;另一方面是饮食服务经营者,他们可以为那些不在家吃饭的消费者提供服务。这类饮食服务经营商从零食自动售货机到大型机构内部的餐饮企业,规模、经营范围不一。但是这些企业在行业内部大多都被称作“horeca”,即宾馆、饭店和咖啡馆。总体而言,欧洲食品饮料批发市场的增长速度与零售市场一样缓慢,但把这些数据加在一起,便掩盖了两种相反的趋势。
第一种也是更重要趋势是消费者越来越喜欢外出就餐。在外面的食品与饮料消费已从1995年占消费总额的32%上升到了2000年的35%,预计到2005年将接近38%。这种发展趋势推动了食品服务部门对产品批发的需求,全欧洲的这一需求每年增长4%到5%,而相比之下,零售业需求的增长只有1%到2%。与此同时,由于经济衰退日益严重,人们变得越来越焦虑。他们往往把钱包捂得更紧了,并认为在家吃饭是更为实际的选择。
答案及解析
文章的首段,通常是引入主题或者交代相关背景。浏览备选项,A项以“The first and more important is…”开头,说明所强调的事物已在上文出现,然后才能来对比哪个是最重要的,显然,不能是首段。而且,根据E段,我们已将其选为尾段;C项的“such variations”也应该是指代前面已经出现的事物;D项以“All in all”开头,表示对前面内容的总结;F项和G项则分别以“For example”和“However”开头,这表示应该与前面的内容构成举例或转折的关系。因此,通过这些语篇特征词可判定,这些选项都不能作为首段。而选项B中首先引入了欧洲食品饮料零售面临发展停滞这一问题,继而提到零售商们的应对措施,最后提出论点:零售商不应忽视食品饮料批发市场这一巨大的盈利机会。