Qnestionsare based on the following passage. It began with some marsh-考呗网题库移动版

单选题Qnestionsare based on the following passage.
It began with some marshmallows (棉花软糖)．In the 1960s Walter Mischel, a Osychologist then working at Stanford University, started a series of experiments on young children．A child was left alone for 15 minutes with a marshmallow or similar treat, with the promise that, if it remained uneaten at the end of this period, a second would be added．Some of the children, who were aged four or five at the time, yielded to temptation before time was up．Others resisted, and held out for the reward.
Dr．Mischel then followed the children's progress as they grew up．Those who had resisted, he found, did better at school than those who had given in．As adults they got better jobs, were less likely to use drugs and got into trouble with the law less frequently．Moreover, children's family circumstances suggested that impulsive behavior was as much learned as inherited．This suggested that it could be unlearned--improving the child in question's chances in life.
Study after study has confirmed Dr．Mischel's insight．However, recent observations, however,raise the possibility that developing serf-control is not always an unalloyed good.Work published two years ago by Gene Brody of the University of Georgia, who looked at a group of young black Americans, showed that those who exhibited self-control as teenagers did indeed get the expected benefits．But if such self-controllers came from deprived backgrounds, they developed higher blood pressure, were more likely to be obese and had higher levels of stress hormones than their less- self-controlled peers．That correlation did not apply to people who started farther up the social ladder.Dr．Brody and his colleagues have followed this study with one that comes to an equally astonishing conclusion: for people born at the bottom of the social heap, self-control speeds up the process of ageing.
Dr． Brody and his colleagues followed almost 300 black American teenagers of different backgrounds as they aged from 17 to 22． For the first few years the researchers assessed their volunteers' levels of self-control, and also looked for signs of depression, ~ggression and drug use．They assessed, too, those volunteers' socioeconomic backgrounds．But the last examination, when participants were 22 years old, was different．Then, the researchers took a blood sample, recorded the DNA-methylation ( DNA 甲基化) patterns of cells in it, and worked out how much these deviated from the pattern expected at that particular age． As the study shows, for people from high-status backgrounds, higher serf-control meant lower cellular ages．For those whose background was low- status, the reverse was true.
Dr．Brody's fmdings are both intriguing and worrying．The research into gene methylation suggests changing methylation patterns are a common response to changing circumstances as well as changing age, as the body's physiology struggles to keep up．Forttmately, people can change their circumstances in rational ways: the lesson of the marshmailows shows that．If Dr．Brody's result is confLrmed, the challenge it poses will be to work out how to avoid the adverse effects of self-control.
Which of the following is true of Dr．Mischel's experiment?

A．It probed into the self-control level of little children.
B．It showed that most children couldn't resist temptation.
C．It exhibited that serf-control connects with life achievement.
D．It found out a way to help children develop self-control.

参考答案C

解析:全文翻译
一切都是从棉花软糖开始的。20世纪60年代，斯坦福大学心理学家沃尔特·米歇尔着手进行一系列针对年幼孩子的实验。孩子要在l5分钟内保管一块棉花软糖或其他类似的小食品，得到的许诺是，如果在这段时间结束时他没有吃这个食物，就会得到第二份食物。(56一1)在这些年龄只有四、五岁的孩子中，有一些在预定的时间内就不堪诱惑。而其他的则抵制住了诱惑，拿到了奖励。
米歇尔博士随后一直追踪这些孩子的成长情况。(56—2)他发现，那些抵制住诱惑的孩子比其他孩子学业成绩更好。成年以后，他们的工作也更好，吸毒的可能性更小，也更少触犯法律。并且，孩子们的家庭环境显示，对于冲动行为的影响，后天学习与先天因素并重。这表明，改善问题儿童的人生际遇可以从先天因素入手。
此后的研究多次印证了米歇尔博士的发现。然而，最近的一些研究却提出发展自我控制能力并不总是绝对受益的。佐治亚大学的吉恩·布罗迪两年前发表了一项研究，他通过观察一个年轻美国黑人群体，发现少年时代表现出更强自控力的人的确获得了预期的收益。(57)但如果这些善于自控的人来自于贫困家庭，则相比其他自控能力较低的同龄人而言，血压更高，更可能肥胖，并且压力激素水平更高，而这种相关性对于来自更高社会阶层的人群则不适用。
布罗迪博士和他的同事在这项研究之后又进行了一项同样结论·惊人的研究：他们发现对于来自社会底层的人群来说，自控力会加速人体老化。
布罗迪和他的同事们追踪了近300名美国黑人青少年，他们的背景不同，年龄在17岁到22岁之间。在开始的几年中，研究者们评估了志愿者们的自控力水平，并检验了他们抑郁、攻击性和吸毒的情况。他们还评估了志愿者的社会经济背景。但在志愿者22岁时的最后一项实验是不同的：(58)研究者提取志愿者的血样，记录其中的细胞DNA甲基化模式，推测出这些模式与这一特定年龄段应有模式的偏离程度。正如研究所显示的，对于社会阶层较高的人群来说，更高的自控力意味着更低的细胞年龄：而对于较低社会层次的人群来说，事实则正好相反。
布罗迪博士的发现既耐人寻味又令人焦虑。对于基因甲基化的探究表明，变化的甲基化模式是人体生理努力适应的同时对于环境变化和年龄增长的普遍反应：幸运的是，人们可以用理性的方式改变环境：棉花软糖的教训就是证明。(59)如果布罗迪的研究结果得以证实，它所提出的挑战将会是寻找如何规避自控力负面影响的办法。
定位：由题干中的Dr．Mischel’S eⅪperiment定位至文章第一段最后两句：Some of the children， who were aged four or five at the time，yielded to temptation before time was up．Others resisted， and held out for the reward．和第二段第二句：Those who had resisted，he found，did better at school than those who had given in．
详解：事实细节题。从定位句可以看出，米歇尔博士追踪了实验中两类不同的孩子：可以抵制诱惑，自控力更强的和不能抵制诱惑，自控力较差的。他发现自控力强的孩子无论在学业上还是日后在事业上都与自控力差的孩子显现出差异，可见，自控力与终身成就有所关联，故答案为C.。A.“它探究了小孩子的自控力水平”，从定位句可知，米歇尔博士的研究只是将能够或不能自控的孩子分开，并没有对自控力进行水平划分，故可排除；B.“它显示出大多数孩子都不能抵制诱惑”，本段提到部分孩子没有抵制住诱惑，但并没有说是大多数，故可排除；D.“它找到了帮助孩子发展自控力的方法”，米歇尔博士追踪了不同自控力孩子的发展情况，但并没有提到发展自控力的方法，故D.与原文意思不符，可以排除。

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单选题
Dr．Brody's new study with young black Americans reveals that________.

A．developing serf-control is not beneficial at all
B．teenagers can benefit from developing self-control
C．effect of self-control relates to social background
D．self-control causes high blood pressure and obesity

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单选题
What can we infer about DNA-methylation from the passage?

A．It can reveal levels of self-control．
B．It relates to the physiological age．
C．It is one of the ingredients of blood.
D．It changes with social circumstance.

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单选题
What can we know about Dr．Brody's findings?

A．They are out of the expectation of the researchers.
B．They reveal a connection between gene and age.
C．They contradict with the results of Mischel's study.
D．They raise a new issue for research in the future.

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