Questions are based on the following passage. A company in Boston, A-考呗网题库移动版

单选题Questions are based on the following passage.
A company in Boston, Adela Voice, has invented a smart-phone application called Start Talking that allows drivers to send and receive text messages while driving. Unfortunately, however, such a hands-free texting device will not reduce the likelihood of an accident while texting.
To date,30 states have outlawed texting while driving. The new smart-phone application is obviously designed to get around such laws and allow the drivers to text while driving. However, the device is unlikely to reduce accidents for the same reason that the use of hands-free cell phones apparently has not reduced auto accidents.
As I explain in an earlier post, it is not the use of the hands while driving that is likely contributing to the greater likelihood of accidents while talking on the cell phone or texting, but the use of the brain for an evolutionarily novel, "unnatural" behavior of communicating with a person who is not present. Hands-free devices do not alter the evolutionary novelty of such communication, so they are not likely to be less cognitively taxing than hand-held cell phones.
Because there was no such thing as communicating with someone who is not present within the earshot (听力之所及范围) in the ancestral environment, all such communications are evolutionarily novel. And the human brain,' designed for and adapted to the conditions of the ancestral (祖传的)environment, has inherent difficulty comprehending and dealing with all such communications. It likely finds such tasks cognitively demanding and taxing, and a greater portion of their cognitive energy and attention will have to be diverted from the (equally evolutionarily novel. task of driving a car to the cell phone conversation. The human brain likely finds it too cognitively demanding to carryon two such evolutionarily novel tasks simultaneously and efficiently.
If the hands-free texting application reduces the likelihood of accidents at all, it is probably not because it is hands-free, but because it allows the users to use (evolutionarily familiar) spoken language, rather than (evolutionarily novel) written language, in the communication.
If we want truly to reduce auto accidents as a result of cell phone conversations, we shouldn't be using hands-free devices, because they do not do anything to alter the evolutionary novelty of the conversation. As I mention in the earlier post, we should develop a technology that allows us to project a holographic image of the person we are speaking to inside the car. Short of that, we should encourage, people to use the new iPhone application Face time that allows them to see the other person on the phone. Using Face time should somewhat fool their brain into thinking that the person they are communicating with is immediately present, especially if they are less intelligent.
What is said about the new smart-phone application?

A．It has received some praise from drivers.
B．It has violated the law obviously.
C．It turns out not having reduced accidents.
D．It allows drivers to text messages without hands.

参考答案D

解析:本文主要讨论了Start Talking这一智能手机程序。第1、2段指出波士顿Adela Voice公司发明Start Talking这一智能手机程序目的是想让司机在开车时收发短信，然而事实上它并不能减少交通事故。第3～5段分析了StartTalking这一智能手机程序不能减少交通事故的原因。第6段引出Face time这一手机程序，指出它可以让使用者认为他们正在交谈的那个人就在现场。
波士顿的Adela Voice公司发明了一种叫做StartTalking的智能手机程序，使用这种手机，司机们可以在开车时收发短信。然而遗憾的是，【46】这种不需要动手的短信编辑工具是不会降低因发短信而导致事故发生的可能性的。
至今已有30个州将开车时发短信视为违法行为。显然这种新型的智能手机程序是在逃避这类法律，让司机们开车的同时发短信。但是，这种工具不可能减少事故，其原因与不需用手的手机的应用相同，显而易见这种手机没有减少交通事故。
如同我之前在邮报上解释的那样，【47】并不是开车时使用手机打电话或者发短信这些对手的使用加大了交通事故的可能性．而是对大脑在与一个不在场的人交谈这种进化上创新的、“非自然的”行为上的应用(加大了交通事故的可能性.。不需用手的工具并没有改变这类谈话的进化上的创新性，因此也不太可能比手持手机需要更少的认知负担。
因为在(大脑的.原始环境中的听力所及范围内与不在场的人交谈这种情况是不存在的，所以所有(与不在场的人交谈.这类谈话都是进化上的创新。并且人类的大脑是按照祖传的原始环境形成和发展的，生来就有理解和处理这类谈话的困难性。【48】大脑会发觉这类任务有认知需求和负担．从开车(同等地进化上创新的.任务转换到手机聊天需要更多的认知能量和注意力。对于人脑来说，同时且有效地进行两项进化上的创新任务，会太花费认知能量以致不能完成。
如果不需用手的发短信程序确实减少了事故发生的可能性，【49】那也许不是因为不需用手．而是因为该程序允许使用者在交谈中使用(进化上熟悉的.口语．而不是(进化上创新的.书面语。
【50】如果你真的想减少手机聊天导致的交通事故．我们不应该使用不需用手的工具．因为这些工具不会改变谈话的进化上的创新性。正如之前我在邮报上所谈，我们应该发明一种技术，在车内投射出我们交谈对象的全息影像。简而言之，我们应该鼓励人们使用iPhone的新程序Face time，这种程序能够让人们在电话上看到另一方。使用Face time可以在一定程度上欺骗大脑，使其以为他们正在交谈的那个人就在现场，这尤其适用于那些不太灵光的大脑。
【定位】根据出题按照文章顺序进行的规律将本题出处定位于第1段最后一句。
【解析】D。第1段最后一句提到，这种不需要动手的短信编辑工具是不会降低因发短信而导致事故发生的可能性的。即这种手机程序可以让司机不需要动手就能发短信，故D正确。原文没有提到该智能手机得到了司机的赞扬，故排除A。原文说的是至今已有30个州将开车时发短信视为违法行为，显然这种新型的智能手机程序是在逃避这类法律，但不是说这种手机很明显违反了法律，故B错误。第一段末用的是将来时态，可以推断出这种手机还没有广泛使用，故C错误。

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单选题What is the greater likelihood of car accidents while talking on the cell phone or texting related to?

A．The use of the hands.
B．The use of the eyes.
C．The use of the brain.
D．The use of the mouth.

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单选题 What can we learn about the human brain from the fourth Paragraph?

A．It has inherent difficulty comprehending face-to-face communication.
B．It has post-natal difficulty dealing with cell phone communication.
C．It can't carry on two evolutionarily novel tasks at the same time.
D．It needs a great deal of cognitive energy to handle driving a car.

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单选题 What can we learn from the passage?

A．Talking to people face-to-face is evolutionarily novel.
B．Driving a car is evolutionarily familiar.
C．Having a cell phone conversation is evolutionarily familiar.
D．Sending short messages is evolutionarily novel.

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