Questions are based on the following passage. More than 100 years ago-考呗网题库移动版

单选题Questions are based on the following passage.
More than 100 years ago, American sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois was concerned that race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people. He spoke out against the idea of "white" and "black" as distinct groups, claiming that these distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.
Science would favor Du Bois. Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning. In an article published in the journal Science, four scholars say racial categories need to be phased out. "Essentially, I could not agree more with the authors," said Svante Pääbo, a biologist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. In one example that demonstrated genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines, the full genomes (基因组) of James Watson and Craig Venter, two famous American scientists of European ancestry, were compared to that of a Korean scientist, Seong-Jin Kim. It turned out that Watson and Venter shared fewer variations in their genetic sequences than they each shared with Kim.
Michael Yudell, a professor of public health at Drexel University in Philadelphia, said that modem genetics research is operating in a paradox: on the one hand, race is understood to be a useful tool to illuminate human genetic diversity, but on the other hand, race is also understood to be a poorly defined marker of that diversity.
Assumptions about genetic differences between people of different races could be particularly dangerous in a medical setting. "If you make clinical predictions based on somebody's race, you're going to be wrong a good chunk of the time," Yudell told Live Science. In the paper, he and his colleagues used the example of cystic fibrosis, which is underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry because it is thought of as a "white" disease.
So what other variables could be used if the racial concept is thrown out? Yudell said scientists need to get more specific with their language, perhaps using terms like "ancestry" or "population" that might more precisely reflect the relationship between humans and their genes, on both the individual and population level. The researchers also acknowledged that there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be useful in scientific research: as a political and social, but not biological, variable.
"While we argue phasing out racial terminology (术语) in the biological sciences, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities (差异) between groups. " Yudell said.
Du Bois was opposed to the use of race as ________.

A．a basis for explaining human genetic diversity
B．an aid to understanding different populations
C．an explanation for social and cultural differences
D．a term to describe individual human characteristics

参考答案A

解析:全文翻译
(51)100多年前，美国社会学家W·E·B·杜波依斯担心种族正在被用来从生物学层面解释他所理解的不同人群之间的社会和文化差异。他公开反对将“白人”和“黑人”视为不同群体的观点，声称这些区分忽略了人类多样性的范围。
科学将会证明杜波依斯的观点。如今，科学家们的主流观点是：种族是一种没有生物学意义的社会建构。在《科学》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，四位学者表示种族类别需要被逐步淘汰。
(52—1)“我完全同意这些作者的看法，”斯万特·帕博说道，他是德国马克斯普朗克进化人类学研究所的主任及生物学家。在一个证明了遗传差异不会按照种族界限固定下来的实例中，两位著名的欧裔美国科学家，詹姆斯·沃森和克雷格·文特尔的完整基因组，与韩国科学家金城振的完整基因组进行了对比。结果表明沃森和文特尔共有的基因序列变异少于他们每个人与金城振共有的基因序列变异。
(52—2)费城德雷克塞尔大学的公共卫生学教授迈克尔·亚戴尔说道，现代遗传学研究的操作自相矛盾：一方面，种族被认为是用来说明人类遗传多样性的有用工具，但另一方面，种族又被认为是该多样性界定不清的标志。
关于不同种族的人们存在遗传差异的假设，在医疗环境下可能会特别危险。(53)亚戴尔在美国“生命科学”网站上说道：“如果你是基于某人的种族来做出临床预测，那么你大部分时候都会是错的。”在这篇文章中，他和同事使用了囊性纤维化的例子，该疾病在非裔人身上易漏诊，因为这被认为是“白种人”的疾病。
如果摈弃了种族的概念，那么能使用其他什么变量呢?(54)亚戴尔说道，科学家们需要更具体的语言，或许可以使用像“血统”或“人群”这样的术语，它们也许能更准确地在个体和群体层面上反映出人类与其基因之间的关系。研究人员也承认，有一些地区，种族作为一个概念可能在科学研究中仍有用：当作一个政治和社会变量，而不是生物学变量。
(55)“虽然我们认为在生物科学里要逐渐淘汰种族术语，但我们也承认，考虑到我们需要了解结构性的不平等和歧视是如何使群体之间产生健康差异的，将种族用作研究种族主义的政治或社会范畴仍有必要，尽管这充满了挑战，”亚戴尔说道。
详解详析
由题干中的Du Bois和the use of race定位到文章第一段第一句：More than l00 years ago，American sociologist W．E．B．Du Bois was concerned that race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people．
推理判断题。定位句指出，杜波依斯担心种族正在被用来从生物学层面解释他所理解的不同
人群之间的社会和文化差异。也就是说，杜波依斯认为不同人群之间的差异是社会文化差异，而他担心其他人会从种族的层面理解社会文化差异，故答案为C。
A.“解释人类遗传多样性的基础”，无法从定位句推出，故排除；B.“帮助理解不同的人群”，定位句只是提到不同人群之间的社会和文化差异，该选项属于偷换概念，故排除；D.“描述人类个体特性的术语”，原文并未提及这一点，故排除。

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单选题The study by Svante Pääbo served as an example to show ________.

A．modern genetics research is likely to fuel racial conflicts
B．race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity
C．race as a biological term can explain human genetic diversity
D．genetics research should consider social and cultural variables

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单选题 The example of the disease cystic fibrosis underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry demonstrates that ________.

A．it is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosis
B．it is important to include social variables in genetics research
C．racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions
D．discrimination against black people may cause negligence in clinical treatment

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单选题What is Yudell's suggestion to scientists?

A．They be more precise with the language they use.
B．They refrain from using politically sensitive terms.
C．They throw out irrelevant concepts in their research.
D．They examine all possible variables in their research.

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