Questions are based on the following passage. Why has crime in the U-考呗网题库移动版

单选题Questions are based on the following passage.
Why has crime in the U.S. declined so dramatically since the 1990s?
Economists and sociologists have offered a bounty of reasons, including more police, more security technology, more economic growth, more immigration, more imprisonment, and so on.
The "real" answer is almost certainly a combination of these factors, rather than one of them to the exclusion of the rest. But a new paper adds a surprising variable to the mix. What if the decline of crime in America started with the decline of cash?
Cash is critical to the health of an underground economy, because it´s anonymous, nearly untraceable, and easily stolen. This makes it the lifeblood of the black market.
But Americans are rapidly abandoning cash thanks to credit cards, debit cards, and mobile payments. Half a century ago, cash was used in 80 percent of U.S. payments. Now that figure is about 50 percent, according to researchers.
In the 1980s, the federal government switched from paper money to electronic benefit transfers. They didn´t switch all at once. They switched one county at a time within states. This created a kind of randomly controlled environment for the researchers, who studied Missouri´s counties to establish whether the areas that switched from welfare cash to electronic transfers saw a concurrent decline in crime.
The results were striking: The shift away from cash was associated with "a significant decrease in the overall crime rate and the specific offenses of burglary and assault in Missouri and a decline in arrests." In other words, the counties saw a decline in specific crimes when they switched away from cash welfare.
Perhaps most interestingly, they found that the switch to electronic transfers reduced robbery but not rape, suggesting that the move away from cash only had an impact on crime related to getting and spending cash.
The move toward cashlessness in the U.S. continues quickly. Google now lets you attach money to emails to send to friends, which means that for some shoppers, pulling out your credit card could become as rare as finding exact change in your coin purse. It might seem absurd to imagine Visa, Square, and Google Wallet as crime-fighting technologies. But with a better understanding of how cash´ s availability affects crime, perhaps the government should consider killing more than just the penny.
Which of the following cannot explain why cash is critical to the health of an underground economy?

A．Cash is anonymous.
B．Cash is hardly traceable.
C．Cash is easily stolen.
D．Cash is the lifeblood of the black market.

参考答案D

解析:参考译文
为什么自20世纪90年代以来，美国的犯罪情况急剧减少呢?经济学家和社会学家列举了很多原因，包括警力增加，安全技术的发展，经济不断发展，移民增多，刑期变长等。
“真正”答案基本是这些因素综合作用的结果，而非在排除其他因素之后的某个因素导致的。但是一份新发表的论文为多种作用的结果增添了一种令人惊讶的变量。美国犯罪率的下降会不会是现金的减少导致的?现金对于地下经济的正常运转是至关重要的。因为现金可以匿名使用，难以追踪，又很容易被偷。这使得现金成为黑市的命脉。但是由于信用卡、借记卡和手机支付的发展，美国人很快不再使用现金。根据研究人员的调查，50年前，美国80％的支付方式都是货币，现在货币支付的比重占50％。
在20世纪80年代，联邦政府以电子福利转账的方式代替纸币发放福利。联邦政府没有立即全部换掉系统。他们在州内一次更新一个县的系统。这项举措很巧合地为研究人员提供一个受控环境．用于研究密苏里州各县在确定电子福利转账代替现金之后，犯罪率是否也会下降。
结果十分惊人：不再使用现金之后，“密苏里州的整体犯罪率有了显著的下降．诸如入室盗窃、人身攻击等特定类型的犯罪减少了，逮捕人数也下降了”。换言之。当该州替换现金发放福利之后，特定类型的犯罪率下降了。也许最有趣的是，研究人员发现改用电子转账之后，抢劫案减少了，但强奸案数量并没有降低。这暗示着，停用现金只对与现金相关的犯罪有影响。美国加速了无现金的进程。谷歌现在提供通过邮件为对方寄钱的服务。这就意味着对于一些商家而言，掏出信用卡和从零钱包里拿零钱一样稀罕。把维萨信用卡、Square卡以及谷歌钱包视作对抗犯罪的技术看起来很荒唐。但是如果能理解现金对于犯罪的影响，也许政府会考虑停用纸币而非只是硬币。
参考答案与解析
细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第四段。第一句提到现金对于地下经济运转很重要的三个原因：现金可以匿名使用、现金难以追踪、现金容易被偷。分别对应A、B、C项。D项只是题干意思的同义表达，而不是原因，因此，正确答案是D。

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单选题The government switched one county at a time within states favors researchers because _____

A．it reduced cash payment in Missouri
B．it offered a randomly controlled environment
C．it helped to extend electronic transfers to the state
D．it saw a concurrent decline in crimes

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单选题 The shift away from cash in Missouri´ s counties resulted in ____

A．an unobvious decrease in the overall crime rate
B．a decrease in certain crimes such as robbery and rape
C．a decline in crimes related to the use of cash
D．a decline in overall crimes

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单选题It can be learned from the last paragraph that ____

A．the government is advised to advocate cashless payments
B．America has become a cashless society
C．most, people now send their friends money by email
D．it is absurd to fight against crime by using Visa, Square, and Google Wallet

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