Questionsare based on the following passage. A truly informed diner w-考呗网题库移动版

单选题Questionsare based on the following passage.
A truly informed diner would choose a restaurant based on the quality of the menu and the chef´s experience. The discerning investor would decide which company to back after studying the business plan and meeting the founders. In reality, people often copy the choices of others. Diners pick the crowded restaurant over the empty one. Investors go with the company that already has multiple backers. Such bandwagon effects are not necessarily irrational. Often, the buyer knows less about a product than the seller; the collective wisdom of the crowd can correct for such "asymmetric information".
Scholars are now asking whether herd behavior also prevails in labor markets. To find out, Kory Kroft of the University of Toronto devised an experiment in which they applied for 3,000 clerical, administrative, sales and customer-service jobs advertised online by submitting 12,000 fictitious CVs. The submissions were designed so that applicants with similar backgrounds, education and experience went for the same job. The only difference was how long the applicant had been jobless, a period that ranged from no time at all to as much as 36 months.
They found that the odds of an applicant being called back by an employer declined steadily as the duration of unemployment rose, from 7.4% after one month without work down to 4%-5% at the eight-month mark, where the call-back rate stabilized.
These results, the authors say, cannot be because employers found some qualitative flaw in the longer-term unemployed that was hidden from outsiders, since the applicants were similar in other respects. Another explanation for long-term unemployment--that people make less effort to find work as their time out of the labor force lengthens--is also not applicable here.
A third possibility is that employers equate lengthening unemployment with atrophying skills and thus falling productivity. But this should be true whether the economy is booming or in recession. The decline in call-back rates was much more pronounced in cities with tight labour markets; call-back rates changed relatively little when higher unemployment prevailed locally. From this, the authors infer that employers are more likely to overlook a long period of unemployment if overall economic conditions are stacked against candidates.
These results strongly suggest that long-term unemployment is at least partly self-fulfilling. Like patrons who avoid restaurants purely because they are empty, employers were reluctant to hire someone other employers didn´ t want.
By saying "asymmetric information" (Para.1., what does the author mean?

A． The collective wisdom is more than an individual's.
B． The crowd may have more information of product.
C． The seller have more wisdom than the buyer.
D． The seller know more than the buyer of the product information.

参考答案D

解析:参考译文
真正见多识广的食客会根据饭菜的质量和厨师的经验来选择餐馆。有眼光的投资者会在研究了商业计划并同创始人会面之后才决定投资哪家公司。但在实际生活中，人们却经常原封不动地照搬别人的选择。就餐者常去顾客盈门的餐馆，而不去那些没人光顾的地方。投资者喜好选择那些早已被大多数人所看好的公司。此类从众效应不一定是非理性的。一般来说，买方对商品的了解要少于卖方，而大众的集体智慧却可以作为这种“不对称信息”的修正而存在。
学者们正在探讨这种从众行为在劳动力市场是否同样盛行。为了验证这种看法。多伦多大学的Kory Kroft设计了一项实验。在这项实验中。他们利用提交12000份虚假简历的办法，申请了由在线广告发布的3000个职位．这些职位包括办事员、管理人员、销售人员以及客服人员。被提交的求职申请都遵循了同一个设计原则，其目的就是要使具有相似背景、学历和经验的申请者都去申请同一份工作。唯一的区别在于，应聘者失业的时间长短不一样．从根本没有失业过到已经失业达36个月之久不等。
他们发现．申请者得到雇主回应的几率会随着失业时间的增加而呈现出稳定下降的趋势。也就是说，申请者在失去工作一个月后得到雇主回应的比率为7．4％，随后申请者得到雇主回应的比率开始稳步减少，当失业时间增加到8个月以后。回应率会稳定在4％～5％之间。
研究人员认为．之所以会出现这种情况．不可能是因为雇主从长期失业人员的简历中发现了什么别人看不出来的资质缺陷，因为这些简历除了持续失业时问之外其他方面并无不同。另一种解释认为，随着失业时间的增加，人们找工作的努力也会变小。不过．这种解释在此也不适用。
第三种解释认为，雇主将失业时间的增加等同于工作技能的倒退。因此，在他们看来，失业者的工作效率也必然会随之下降。不管经济处于繁荣期还是衰退期，这种解释都应该是正确的。在城市中，当劳动力供不应求时，雇主回应率的下降幅度非常明显；当失业率升高时，雇主回应率的变化则相对较小。研究人员由此得出结论：如果总体的经济形势对应聘者不利，雇主更容易忽视那些长期处于失业状态的人。
这些研究成果有力地表明，长期失业至少有一部分原因是自我造成的。这就如同那些纯粹因为餐馆门庭冷落而避免去此类地方的常客一样，雇主在雇佣劳动力时也不太愿意雇佣那些别人不想要的人。
解析
含义题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段。段末提到Often，the buyer knows less about a product than the seller；the collective wisdom of the crowd Can correct for such “asymmetric information”．由such可知“asymmetric information”指的就是前文的the buyer knows less about a product than the seller。因此，正确答案是D。

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单选题Kory Kroft of the University of Toronto devised an experiment to __

A． figure out whether bandwagon behavior is also popular in labor markets
B． test the difference of applicants with similar backgrounds, education and experience
C． test the fictitious CVs for 3,000 clerical, administrative, sales and customer-service jobs
D． figure out how the bandwagon behavior affect the choice of employee

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单选题One reasonable explanation for the research results may be __

A． employers found some qualitative flaw in the longer-term unemployed
B． people make less effort to find work as their unemployment time lengthens
C． lengthening unemployment is equated with failing productivity
D． call-back rates declined clearly when higher unemployment prevailed

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单选题 The research results convey the message that __

A． long-term unemployment has nothing with call-back rates
B． long-term unemployment is partly self-fulfilling
C． patrons avoid restaurants purely because they are empty
D． employers were willing to hire someone other employers didn't want

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